In Canada, longstanding differences in cognitive ability and academic achievement exist between the European-origin majority and several traditional minority ethnic groups established prior to the mid-20th century. In particular, Aboriginal populations (First Nations, Inuit, and Métis) and the historically rooted Black Nova Scotian population tend to score below the national average on various educational metrics. Meng Hu and I recently published findings based on data from 2013 to 2022 indicating that Black Nova Scotians score, on average, d = –0.46 below the non-Black Nova Scotian mean (Fuerst & Hu, 2024).

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